Implications of Rural Exodus and Financial Remittances on Food Security in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study explores how rural exodus and financial development shape food security in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Despite the region’s strong agricultural potential, food insecurity continues to affect many rural households. The growing exodus of people and limited access to financial services continues to restrict farmers’ ability to invest in improved inputs and technologies. To better understand these dynamics, the study adopts a quantitative approach. Data were collected from 275 farm households using a multistage sampling technique and structured questionnaires. The study employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and inequality analysis using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The results reveal that rural exodus has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on food security, while financial development shows a positive but weak influence. However, the interaction between rural exodus and financial development exhibits a negative and significant effect, indicating that financial systems do not adequately offset the adverse effects of labour migration on agricultural productivity. Furthermore, inequality analysis reveals moderate disparities in financial development (Gini = 0.327) and food security (Gini = 0.344), suggesting structural imbalances in resource distribution. In conclusion, the findings highlight the need for policies that strengthen rural financial systems and make agriculture more attractive, especially to young people. Expanding access to credit, promoting mechanized farming, and improving rural infrastructure are essential steps toward reducing migration pressures and achieving sustainable food security.